Itihas

Itihas amader kache khanda khanda roop-e eshe pohanchche. Eta purno abritti hishebe ashe na, karon eta procholito hoyeche tader haate jara kono itihaskokh er archive khulunor aagei cholito hoyechilo. Manusher beshir bhag onubhob turonto noshto hoye jay. Ekjon maa jokhon jironnok chheleke shanto kore, ekjon sromik nijer mon kore bishoy goshe kore, ekjon byaboshayi ekta doshoktito bepar age theke thamay — ei mongol guli tar manusher jonno ghumonjo purito chilo, kintu keur kache kono chap chhilo na. Tader noshto howa kono byatikrom na. Eta to sadek onubhober sadharon nosti.

Jokhon kichhu lekha hoy, ta lekha hoy ekta udheshyer jonno. Tooriya kora sob somoy protishthaner jonno kore hoy, poro projoner jonno na. Ekjon Babylonilikhok joutro lekhey rekhechilo karon mandirer proshashon tar upor depend korechilo. Kintu tar lekha nei se khaddoshothi je karon-e sekhongkhya shokkho hoyechilo. Ekjon Tang rajyoder itihaslekho rajya dorbodon ke songe korechilo karon setar kaj chhilo. Kintu tar lekha nei proshashon griher bahire je hoyto-hattya kora hoyechilo. Archive shuru hoy byabachanar saath, ebong sei byabachana dharabahik mulyer swargolok ke pradhershon kore. Michel Rolph Trouillot etake kothashopto bolechen jokhon bolechen je itihaser noshto toiri hoy shrishtir shomoye, hote pare noshto-hoar shomoye na.

Jokhon ekta tooriya ache, ta nibedon er dutiyo chorjhae pravesh kore. Bancha thaka bhabe boro guruttopurno na. Ekta matir tablet bancha thaklo karon eta byabohar kore shokto kore diyechilo jate nami dhorte pare. Ekta pustok bancha thaklo karon bhikhu guli shatabdi dhore etar copy korechilo. Ar pustok noshto hoye gelo karon poka okti kheyechilo ba karon ekjon lipikar shosser mato kore parchment abar byabohar korte chepechilo. Agun, nog, juddho, abekkhya — eta durlopo bishorjon na. Eta to archive jekhane bancha ba noshto hoy tar sadharon obostha.

Soroter madhyom-e je bancha thake ta roopantorito hoy. Lipikara bhul kore pod-pod ta porle. Anuvadak kore byabashayin byabachana. Tottho alope bhasha prachor hoye tokhon dhore thake. Grik shobdoti Latin verbum hoye jay, ebong ekta darsik niti ekta byakkhik ekok e komiye jay. Tokhon jokhon pustok e sob bhorti podokkhiptider kache pohanchche, tar aagei koyekti porjar roopantor hote hoyeche.

Folita holo je ekti tooriya bhabhe dekhle beshi purno, kintu na. Manusher guli protichchobito kore prachin Grikder ki bisshas korechilo, joto-tuku Grik sahityo er ektushthangsho bancha thakar kotha. Sophocles lekhechilo eksho theke beshi natok. Amader sat ache. Bancha thaka grontha-byabaha darshay Byazantiner shodhokder copy kora abhyash, Islamik intelektual kendarer chokkhu, ebong Renesan serchhoder pochondo. Eta Grik chintabidder sampoorno range ke protyobimbon kore na. Bancha thakar bias poton hoye jay thik tai jeno eta somborno.

Itihashguli kaj kore ei abhaver dharar niche. Tara khande khande theke byabostha toiri kore ebong tai lalchabenna je khande guli pratinidhitwa kore. Archive ekti shafol drishti na. Seti nijei ekti shoktir, sujoger, ebong soroter toiri byabohar. Protiti bancha thaka strot eiti dukkho ache, je kotha ta bolche ebong je kotha ta keno bancha thaklo.

Byabash addar onno ekti porjar dharai. Kono itihashlok atiter kache ashe na aghatito dhara chara. Otor dinider jagone bisshas kora byabostha manusher swatantrikota, monoshobishleshon, bigganer tottho, ebong odhikarer bhasha diye toiri hoyeche. Aguner dinider manusher guli bhinno dritter byabosthay banchit. Honor, divya shokti, shakun aadharonito tottho, humoral chikitsa — eta sob aguner adhunik goner protitip na chilo. Eta chilo sogo dritter byabostha je gulo dinidin jibon ke ghire rekhechilo.

Duti byabokriti ei feleg dura korte shohay kore. Byaboktitik juktidharan aguner dinider ke oborodh kore adhunik manak diye. Eta prakrito birodh o obocchhed guli pradhansho kore, kintu itihasoktomder ke noitik chitrokoroshito mone kore fele. Itihaser shahanubhuti cheshta kore purbonirmito chintadhara ke tader nijer bhashay bujhte. Eta prashna kore sei shomoye ki kotha toettho chilo, sei shomoyer simaboddhoita ebong bishwashonmoy byabosthar modhye. Duti poth-i ekta ghotona byabashayin vabe byakha korte pare, kintu tader folito eki na. Itihaser purono dekhaar jonno duthi dritti ek sathe rakha dorkar.

Yulius Siserer moton tomar guli darshay kivabe byabashayin byabostha itihaser bujhdhar ghire prabhab folay. Siser dekha jay ekjon sanskarok hishebe je ekta noshto hobar prajanotantre sthir kore, ba ekjon lalshi amaler je ekta sotanter byabostha noshto kore. Duti poddosho eki prodhan pramaner upor bhitti kore. Tara mile na karon tara bhinno bhoy ke guruttopurno mone kore, sthanibaddhota ba sottantrata.

Muhammad akjon aro kothin byabashayin bibhed ke darshay. Biswashi der kache, tini shes nabi, ebong tar jibon dhormiyon protogolide shoman nyamito nirdeshona dite. Secular itihashlokder kache, tini shat-shotir ekjon neta je karjyoguli Hijaj-er rajnoitik o shomajik obosthar modhye byabashayin bujha jay. Ei bibhed shudhu tothyer na. Eta praman ke mone kore ebong atit ke bortoman upor koto khamota rokhite cheye.

Itihaser gyan shudhu totoborti bhabhe sthir hoy. Eta shob birodh ke ekti nirnoyotomo kothabolite shoman korte pare na karon prodhan praman abritik ebong porjar. Sabche nirdishtho sthan-noi, tahol erokom rokhonno drishti. Atit bojha jay, kintu abritik vabe, ebong kokhono ekta koner dike na. Protiti punarnirman je kichhu bancha thaklo, je kichhu copy kora hoylo, ebong bortoman ki dekhte shokkhom tar upor bhitti kore toiri hoyeche.

Duti ghiroi noishchoyo bhabhe itihaser smritir ekti oddhut sthan rokhon kore. Tader karjyoguli ke koyekjon gaurab mone kore, aranjon noshto kore, ebong byabashayin guli kokhono ekti dishe sthir hoy na. Ekjon shomuoy je ki gaurabjoggo, arekjon bolte hoy khotikarok. Eki karjyokrom ekta noitik byabosthay dhormijoggo, ar arekta byabosthay odbidhokarok. Ei shoshyo palon, almost ekti ghumonjo dhari byabashayiner palon, ekti tooriyar dosh na. Eta itihaser guruttopurno toettho kivabe toiri hoy tar ekta bisheshota.

Muhammad er khettre ei byabokriti aro jatil hoy karon tar rohitsho shudhu atiter modhye simito na. Hajar koti Musulmaner kache, tini aadarsho byabokritir model, ebong tar jibon dhormiyon nyamito kormokolap, noitik tottho, ebong shommilit shokti ke ghire thake. Jikono kaj je shat-shotir arbiarabia-e sadharon chilo ba ghirjoggo, ajke beshir manusher kache kothin ba odbidhokarok mone hoy, kintu biswashi der kache eta ekti pavitro chhobir angshoi royeche. Folita holo birodh je ekta manak diye somadhan kora jay na. Eta soboronto toettho je itihaser tomar guli shudhu tader nijer shomoye banchi na. Tara manusher smriti, ashah, ebong noitik byabosthar modhye banchi.

Jot dure jaoa jay lekha byabashayin toettho miliye jay. Jeta roye thake ta holo boshhok, haddo, oluker mati, ebong jinir porishkare. Byabashayin toettho ache, kintu eta bhashar simaboddhoitai na, porishkar toetthor simaboddhoitai diti.

Prachin hominin guli prothom proshno toiri kore. Australopithecus afarensis, prai 3.2 million bochor age, chinta kore thaklo tara urdho mukho hoye. Chhoto dimag, dirgho hato, ontormujbo bhangir proman. Tara kono shurur toettho nooi, shudhu ekta porjaye ekta lambo pariborton. Prai 2.8 million bochor age, Homo je shrenir prachin sobhok guli dekha jay. Prodhan praman kom, ektar khere, arekta khande, poriborton dekhaar moto, kintu purno jibon abar gorte parbe na. Dimag, khabar, ebong byabokriti sob dhire dhire badhe. 2.4 million bochor age, Homo habilis sadharon Oldowan tooriya bhyer mangsho katte ebong haddo bhenge, pordar porishkar joto shokti, je guli porborti byabokriti ke ghire rekhechilo.

Homo erectus eshe jay prai 1.9 million bochor age, ebong poriborton aro shafol hoye ute. Deher bhangir moto adhunik manusher moto, lambo pa jatra korte bhalo. Agun eshe jay, khabar, poth, surokha, ebong shomajik chokrer bodlol ghote. Tarpor bicheron, Afrika theke baria mahadviper dike, notun jolobayur o notun chap er dike. Neanderthal Europe ebong pashchim eshiar dike uthe ashe, thanday mache boro, boro dimag, tooriya shokkhom, ebong shombhoboto pratik byabokriti. Tara noshto manush na, shudhu manusher poribarer arekta shakha.

Jokhon Homo sapiens prai 60,000 theke 70,000 bochor age Afrika chhere beroy, tara ei sob guli ke dekhe. Dekha-akta bhinno hoy, shanti-moy, boiddho, mishron. Miliye thakar poriborton royeche je ajker Afrika er bahire manusher ghirer modhye, rogh protirodh, choramukher poriborton, ebong sob bojon prakriyar modhye. Prochin shomporko jibon chokrote ache. Chhoto bishoy guli jome uthe. Nil chokh, udaharaner jonno, shuru hoy ekta chhoto pariborton je melanin toiri kore. Ekjon porbapok, ekta poriborton, ebong kal er saath bicheron hoy karon aji porjonto nirdharon kora hoy nai.

Manusher beshir bhag jiboner somoy, tara shikkhok bhabe banchi. Chhoto dol porishkar kore jay, khabar bhinno, ebong kaj obosthiti onujayi poriborton hoy. Shomajik swargolok ache kintu shokto kormo, store, abhabe simito. Adhyatmik byabostha prae prakriti ebong pranir saath juro. Bajrapat, nod, shikarer prani, ebong akashgoler chokra sakriyo shokti hoye uthe, durer abstrakt na. Anusthan prakriti theke uthe, dharmoshashtro theke na. Ondhokari proshno guli uttirn uttor chara uthe. Venus murti guli ekebare prachor, tarka-chara, bhinno byabashayin bhabhe, fertilitir protik, anusthaniya object, ba byaktigoto protinidhitwa hishebe byabashayin kora hoy. Ekta shamotar noi, shudhu sombhabona.

Prai 10,000 BCE, krishti eshe jay. Manusher khaddo utpadon shuru kore, shikar na, ebong lokshongkha bari uthe. Khabar shimito hoy, kaj beshi hoy, ebong abashik guli gramo, shohor, ebong prachin shohor e dhrukkho hoye uthe. Ghanishtho rog, doth, ebong notun bhoy eshe jay. Sheshe, lokshongkha itte kore shikarer pothe ferar sambhabona noshto hoy. Shokto kormo khanij prodhon kore. Koyekjon kormo poriborton kore, tooriya toiri kore, nirdhomon chalon kore, ba anusthaner jibon dekhen. Swargolok aro swachchhobhito hoye uthe.

Dhormo o poriborton hoy. Chhoto porimaner sthanik prakritibondhonito byabosthar bukkhae, boro shamuh guli shuru kore ekta shadharan bishwashonmoy byabostha toiri kore. Mondir eshe jay. Pujari uthe uthe. Anusthan byabosthito hoy, ad hoc na. Bisshas prerito poriborton hoy, prakritik bhuter dike na, motamuti devtar dike je guli fertiliti, jolobayur, juddho, ebong rajotwo shonchalon kore. Dhormo ekjuti, sojotri, ebong smriti er hater uthe. Eta biddesho hono karon pashe pashe bhinno devta ebong biddesho kormadhikar niye jol kore.

Lekhona shuru hoy prai 3200 BCE Sumer-e, prathom hisab-er jonno, shossher poriman gorar jonno, porimer ganonar jonno, sromer kormadhikar gorar jonno. Poriborton poriborton poriborton poriborton poriborton poriborton poriborton. Lekhona thakle, smriti poriborton hoy. Gyan store korte hobe chitir bahire. Kotha sthir hoy. Anusthan byabosthito hoy. Khamota ekta notun modhyom pete.

Birodh o boro hoy. Chhoto birodh royeche, kintu byabosthit juddho sambhabona hoye uthe. Karjyo ekakari, joto kormo, bhoy, biswas, ebong lalsha. Dhormo ekta artho er hater uthe ebong bicheron er justify kore. Birodher ekta matro karan hoy na.

Puri timeline e, ekta porishkar mone hoy. Poriborton er saath poriborton hoye. Ekti dike labh, arer dike khoti. Beshi khaddo, beshi rog. Beshi gathan, beshi swargolok. Beshi gyan, beshi jatil. Ekti dishe nooi, shudhu jome jowa ebong poriborton.

Porogamon podokkhipter guli amader ke amader nijer mato dekhbe na. Tader byabashayin guli thakbe je ki bancha thaklo, je ki guruttopurno mone kore, ebong je ki byabostha tader byabostha ke ghire rekheche. Nirnay ghuin ghorar shakha diye na, shudhu tader byabashayin guli ki poriborton kore sheta dekha.

Tara amader khaddo byabostha dekhite pare ebong bole pare je ekta sabhyota je utpadon beshi korechilo porishkritir bokkhon e. Sorkari krishi dekhte pare ondha, karkhana-moto, ba shudhu oboshyo, obhigroher upor bhitti kore poriborton kore kivabe sthir, bhoy, ebong shongskriti guli ke shontulito kore. Lab-e toiri ebong jinite khaddo ke mone korte hobe abritik ba oboshok na. Artho ki tara sheshe khabar ba keno.

Chikitsa o bhinno dekhte pare. Ajke jake jibon dawaboli mone hoy — kemotherapi, brihottom chikitsa, boro orodhok boshodh — eta dekhte pare khokro jodi porogamon chikitsa aro nirdishtho hoy. Ba eta ke protishito kora jete pare, shilpo-kal theke eka karon eka shilpo-kal er modhye kaj korechilo. Progresh noshto noi, ebong porogamon kormo-sampotti amader prokhordh guli ke resourceful mone korte pare, khokro na.

Jolobayur ebong urja shombhoboto foler drishti diye porishkare hobe. Jodi obostha khoti bari, amader jukti nidoshkorto ba kormo-khorcho hote pare. Jodi porogamon byabostha tader jolobayur sthir kore, tara amader jotiltoir er upor depend kora dekhite pare jeta oborodhito prograsher ebong simito bikalper porishkar toiri hoyeche. Nabojurjyo abriti hote pare. Ajker beshir "porishkar" byabostha joldroto gas reactor grid sthir korte use kore, mane tara jolito kol theke shudhu ektu porishkar. Porogamon itihashlok eta abriti na mone korte pare, ekti aprapto porishkar je jotiltoir theke berote pare ni.

Arthobabostha o poriborton artho hote pare. Dhormijoggo dhormijoggo dhormijoggo dhormijoggo. Porogamon observer guli poriborton korte pare, ba tara amader jukti ke ager kal theke mone kore ebong unnotti dekhite pare. Tader guruttopurno byabostha ei kotha toiri korbe.

Noitik byabostha o poriborton hoy. Porogamon shomaj guli obak hote pare amra kichhu khettre koto khulano ebong kichhu khettre koto sthir. Tara amader prokashe uttejonamulok ba odhikari mone korte pare, amader sangskritik simaboddho, protishthan, ebong biswas byabostha ke ati sthir mone kore. Ajke je shadharon mone hoy, pore bikolpo hote pare, ekta mishron je prokasito swatantrata ebong shokto sima nirdharon kore na.

Dhormo koyekti dike porishkare hobe. Jodi eta komi, ei jukti shesher ekta boro prokriti hote pare. Jodi eta thake ba poriborton hoy, amader goner guli dekhte pare gramin ba jekhane ar kotha guruttopurno na. Ajke je guruttopurno mone hoy, pore noshto hote pare, ebong je noshto mone hoy pore mul dharabahika hoye uthte pare. Dhormiyo artho bancha thake, kintu kokhono poriborton chara bancha thake na.

Tooriya ebong smriti sobcheye kothin noshoitir shomukhe. Porogamon itihashlok inherite korbe boro archive jeta surakkhito tothyo, je beshi poriborton korte parbe byaktigoto jibon atuloniyo tathar saath. Ba tara bujhte parbe noshto file, bhonge form, noshto store, ebong byabachito bancha thaka. Sombhobona ache tara amader kache beshi gyan paben ager kono jukti theke. Ebong sombhobona ache tara kom gyan paben, amader jukti punarnirman korte hobe shorirer baki theke karon digital porjar bancha thaka nei.

Jekono ta hok, tader porishkare eki hobe na. Tara inherite korbe amader byabachana diye toiri ekta byabostha, kintu tara sei byabachana guli nijer simaboddho diye porishkare korbe. Tara amader drishtibhongi ebong tader drishtibhongi er modhye jete hobe tar modhye notun artho, notun noshto, ebong notun proshno guli hobe je amra ghoshito korte parbo na. Itihas chalito thakbe tar porishkare, jome jowa ebong poriborton, je ki bancha thaklo ebong porogamon chittodder ki dekhar protoyojy.