Vanga theke Bangladesh

1. Vanga-er Age: Maati ebong Pathor

Raja-guli jokhon pathor-e naam korar aage-i, bhoomi chhilo nodir ekti ghumer modhho. Ghonno mangroho jolombor-er shoril diye dhaka chhilo delta-ta. Lal-maater pahar-er dharaguli bhoomike ghire rekhechilo. Mrijon-nirjaton kora manush-guli Stone Age-er lal-maater Barind ebong Madhupur formations-er dike hete cholen Pandu Rajar Dhibi, Ajay Valley, ebong Bharatpur-e kora prothomanushik khujjay ekta sthir Chalcolithic shongskritir proman pai. Eta 2000 BCE-sh jonno. Ei prachin manush-guli ekaki chilen na. Tara boro prothomanushik probash-i angsho chilen.

Austroasiatic probash-er fole Santhal ebong Munda-der purbopuron bhromon shuru hoy Madhya India ebong pashchim pahar-er diye. Tara noyonchosh-er chash, bishesh kore aman ebong aus, nimoncho-er dike ane. Tara prathmik sinchai prokriya toiri korechilo. Tara borsha-musum-er noitijjy abhabe pracholito delta-r maati ke shanto korechilo. Porbe, Tibeto-Burman goshtiguli Himalayan paharer foothills ebong purbo pahar theke neme ashe. Eta sondhi-mahadesh-er uttor ebong purbo shima-r dike ekti jotil adharit ebong bhashar jal toiri kore.

Ei goshti-guli kaj korechilo kendriyo rajjyo gathon chara. Tara kendriyo rajjyo byabostha chilen na. Tara sthaniyo tooriya-er upor depend korechilo, microliths ebong polis kora pathor-er katha byabohar kore ghonno, ushnokaliner jolombor-er maater angsho porishkar korechilo. Durbal, machhar-er jolombor bhoomi ke porishkar kore prodhhan krishi-er jayga toiri korechilo onek porishromi, Indo-Aryan bhasha ba uttor-er rajnoitik dharabali ashar aagei. Ei shanto kaal-er fole gombhir krishi-er bhitti, bhashar mul, ebong jol-er shathe porishkaritir ekta bhab-ta toiri hoyeche. Je delta-er rajjyo-der shuru hote chilo setar bhitti tai toiri kore.

2. Vanga: Samudrik Hathi Rajjyo

Prachin rajnoitik entiti Vanga udhimitro ekta khamota kendro hishebe uthe ashe purbodik-er deltar dike. Eta bhorti chilo poschim Banglar poschim-dik ebong dakshin Bangladesh-er ongsho diye. Prachin Sanskrit sahityo, jemon Aitareya Aranyaka, Vanga ke prothom uddessho kore ekta spasht bhashar shathe. Setin guli bhinno, bairiddhipto poradeshi manush hishebe dekhechilo, Vedic duniya theke alhada, manush-ke pokkhir upor bhasha diye. Kintu Mahabharata ebong Ramayana-er moto mahakabbe Vanga-ke ar kono jungli shima hishebe bhafoa jay ni. Eta boro jonoshonkhyay hatti, mahashagro jahaj, ebong shomriddho byaboshayir shomuho diye paribortito hoye ekta sainik rajjyo hoye uthechilo.

Grik ebong Roman itihashlok, jemon Megasthenes, Ptolemy, ebong Diodorus Siculus, Gangaridai namak ekta shoktishali rajjyo niye lekhechilo. Adhunik itihashlok eta protischit Vanga-ke shongyojito kore. Pashchimi shahajjo kotha bolte Gangaridai-r sainik byabostha Alexander the Great-ke bhoy diyeche. Balo hashti, atibahini, ebong shromik sreni diye bhorti. Ei bhoyer fole Beas nodir par 326 BCE te tader bikkhov hoy, ebong purbo dike abhijit yuddho bondho hoye jay.

Vanga tar oguner shomriddhi ebong rajnoitik khamota purno vabe tar bhougolik obosthaner upor depend korechilo. Rajjyo-ta chhilo sobcheye busy sarbakshin banijjer poth-er upor. Ei poth-guli Gangaridai ebong Brahmaputra-r bhitorko nodiral jale sarbakshin Bangh-er sathe jog korechilo. Vanga-r byaboshayi-guli toiri korechilo shokto, mahashagro jahaj. Ei jahaj-guli niyomito banijjer pothe Sri Lanka ebong dakshin purbo Asia-dike, jeta tahole Suvarnabhumi namkhoito chilo. Tara Roman duniyar sathe porapora jol-jatra rokhechilo. Tara porishkar muslin kapod, moti, kachhobish, ebong byatikto kathar shathe sona, rodi, ebong Roman mritshilpo banijjer kormo korechilo. Wari-Bateshwar-er moto prothomanushik kendro dekha jay ekti uchchakhorir shomaj, je khete plan kora poth, prachir, loha-gorjon karkhana, mudra, ebong antorjatik banijjer shomporko chhilo. Ei sob bole Vanga ke jungli delta theke prachin duniyar ekta shomriddho kendro te rupoantor kore.

3. Tara-r Shossho: Delta-r Mandala

Prachin Bangla kokhono ekok, shobdojukto rajjyo chilo na. Er boddhe eta alhada-chalito, pratisphurdha sub-region sreni hishebe kaj korechilo, jader nam Mandalas. Pratiti ekta sthaniyo porichoy, bhinno bhougolik obosthan, arthik bhitti, ebong shasan kormo chakri chhilo. Vanga delta-te boro kache rajjyo-der sathe porapora kore, noshto hoye jaowa shima, prachur banijjer porishphurdha, ebong suddenly sainik mitrata chakkar chalito.

Pundravardhana: Utter dike Pundravardhana, bhorti adarshokrantor North Bengal ebong Rajshahi Division-er bhougolik obosthan-er dike. Karatoya nodir par Mahasthangarh-er boro prachir diye shohor Pundravardhana ei shohor-er prochurto itihas er modhye Maurya kal theke uttoradhikar dhormiyo itihas-er sathe uthe ashe.

Samatata ebong Harikela: Purbo dike, boro ebong pracholito Meghna nodir par, Samatata ebong Harikela, jekhane Comilla, Noakhali, Chittagong, ebong Sylhet obosthito. Samatata chhilo ekti jolombor rajjyo, je dino porjonto boro rajjyo-guli uttor dike shasan korechilo tokhon-o Buddhist prashashon porichoy-ta rokhe rekhechilo. Tar rajdhoni Devaparvata chhilo gyan ebong sarbakshin banijjer ekta boro kendro.

Radha: Pashchim dike, Bihar ebong Jharkhand-er shima-er upor, Radha, jeta paramparik vabe uttor ebong dakshin angsho-bhagito chhilo. Radha-r manush-guli prachin Jain text-guli jemon Acaranga Sutra-er modhye swatantrik, jungli, ebong bahiragoto poribromonkarider prati agroho-hin hishebe bibhushito, projatri sannyasi-der upor kukur chhere dite.

Gauda: Madhya Bangla Gauda-er sathe chhilo, Gangaridai-r prধান nodir par, je Shashanka-er rajnoitik utshoho noishchoy kore shatom shatabdir shurute. Shashanka prothom swadhin, shobdojukto Bangali rajjyo toiri kore, Uttar Bharat-er pradhon rajjyo-ke sidhdhanto kore.

Anga ebong Kalinga: Aro pashchim ebong dakshin dike Anga (adhunik Bihar-er modhye) ebong Kalinga (adhunik Odisha-er modhye), boro bahiragoto rajjyo, je guli dhorte prachur delta-r bandor-guli. Ei bhirbhiranno padosh-er fole Vanga-ke abosshoi onurodh korte hoy, Bangali sangskriti ekta sobdojukto khondro na, regional paramparar ekta dhoni mishran toiri kore.

4. Dhormo: Bhairiddhipto Shima

Delta-tar adhunik dhormiyo itihas-e aste aste astir dhormo er shomuho eshe porinoto hoyeche sthaniyo parampara-take gorjon kore. Seta poroborti bela-er dhormiyo gyan-take samajik bhougol-ta porinoto kore, porber dinidin ajkeo byabahar kora dhormiyo bhitti-guli purno vabe muche fele na. Itihaser obosthate, Bangla shobchoi Uttar Bharat-er orthodox kendrer theke alhada chhilo. Shatabdi dhore, Aryavarta-er boro Brahmin guli delta-take adhunik biruddhi, biddhakari bairer shima hishebe dekhechilo, jekhane bhairiddhipto andolan-guli thrive kore ebong paramparik jaat bhedbhav guli protishthito hoy. Bangla-te pravesh eto dhormiyo dushjonkari mone hoyechilo je uttor-er uttor-Brahmin guli porishkar kormo kore uttor pherote.

Ei bhougolik ebong sangskritik poradhibostha ei shohor-take ekti sakriyo adhunik dhormiyo porichkhyan-er kshetre porinoto kore. Boro sanghojukto bishsho dhormo guli Bangla-ke shohoj, upor theke nicher shasan diye abhibhuito kore nai. Er boddhe, tara ekti bhinno, bhinno, jol-nirbhor shomaj-er obosthar shathe onurodh kore. Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, Islam, ebong deshojato lokachar guli alhada kore ekta shafol riti te porinoto hoye na. Tara derdin anek bela alhada jaygai sthit thaklo. Tara prai ek-i pujo-ghor, chitrokala, murti-tattva, ebong sthaniyo pir guli bhorite.

Banglar raja-guli prai dharmaniti-r kshetre kousholiyo bahubandhuki bhababe artoniti chalito. Buddhist Pala raja-guli prai Brahmin mandir-guli artoniti diye ebong Hindu mantri-guli niyog kore. Porbe Hindu shashok guli Buddhist prashthan-guli bhoomi din, ekti bhinno jolombor shomaj-er shomajik shanti rokhar jonno. Ei dhormiyo mishritir itihas dhormiye ekti fluid, byaktigoto, ebong guhya anubhob roop dite, rigid protishthaner kothar na. Eta bhinno regional monobritti toiri kore je jekhane emotion bhokti, darsik alochana, ebong guhya kormokolap-er chay kormo-r theke beshi mullo pabe.

5. Animism: Deshojato Bhitti

Protishthaner mandir, lekha granth, ba shobhojo pojari guli jokhon-o ashar aage, Banglar deshojato manush-guli pratichino Animism, Totemism, ebong prakriti-puja kore thakto. Tara prakritik duniya ke ekti sakriyo, jolombor network mone kore je jekhane shoktishali bhuter shomuho, sthaniyo devata, ebong purbopuron shokti ache. Ei shokti-guli nirantor somman, kotha-barta, ebong bishesh kormo-r dorkar rakhe. Karon delta-tar obostha chhilo onek volatile, suddenly barsha, nodir poth bodle jawa, ebong bhoyonkor predetor-er sathe, prachin Animism prai survival, prakritir somman, ebong paribesh-er shomite kendra-bindu chilo.

Ei prachin bishwas guli kokhono purno vabe noshto hoyni. Er boddhe, tara Bangali lok shongskritir bhitti hoye alhada dhormiyo prabeshi dhormiye modhye porishkarit hoy.

Manasa: Nagini Manasa-er puja shuru hoyeche machhar jal-matir bhougol theke, jekhane bisil kobra-er bhoy chhilo. Seta lok-kihini-r kendriyo byakkha hoye, prakritir obostha-ke bojhay je jibon dite pare ba nite pare.

Bonbibi ebong Dakshin Rai: Sundarban-er boro jolombor-er jungli bhoomi-te, dhormiyo sima purno vabe nisshobdo hoye jay. Aj-o, Hindu moshai ebong Muslim modhu sanchayokar guli Bonbibi-r, orthe bon er dokhino, ebong tar birodhi Dakshin Rai-r, orthe bagh devtar, sathe sathe pujo kore jangol-e pravesh korar aage, dhormiyo sima muche fele.

Dharma Thakur ebong Pawitra Ban: Erakom-i Dharma Thakur-er puja, orthe fertiliti, surjo, ebong bhoomi-r sathe jog, ebong indigenous tribal goshti-guli Jaher Than-er moto pawitra ban-er nirantor sonrakkhon, bhoomi-r sathe ekta durbin prakritik dhormiyo shomporko dekhay.

Ei Animism byabostha-guli kono porishkalik pojari ba boro pathor-er mandir-er upor depend kore nai. Tara kothar parampara, sthaniyo lokgeet, ebong samajik kormo-er madhyom-e tribal shaman-er hat diye cholto. Ei prachin monobritti Bangali-ke sidhdhanto kore je devta sidhdhanto bhoomi-er modhye ache. Eta paribeshik dhormiyo bhitti toiri kore je aj-o gramin jibon ke prabhavit kore.

6. Protishthan Dhormo: Khamotar Doler Dol

Sanghojukto, protishthito Indian dhormo-guli ashar fole delta-tar rajnoitik, arthik, ebong samajik gothona purno vabe porinoto hoyeche. Eta boro shilpo-er shirjokar era toiri kore, porbe kothin samajik rupoantor-er sathe.

Jainism prothom thekei Pashchim Bangla-te ekta shoktishali pravesh toiri kore. Prachin legend guli bole Mahavira nijei Radha-er jungli poth dhorechen. Sthaniyo manush-guli kar kothin byabahar shahosh kore, sannyas-er darsota bicharan korechilo je prai hajar bochor dhore thrive kore, Pashchim Bangla-jure shokkho Jain upokoron ebong votive murti-er proman diye.

Buddhism ekta boro, anek shatabdir shonakalin yuge pravesh kore Pala Empire-er haturi te, ath shatabdi theke baro shatabdi porjonto. Pala raja-guli boro, rajjyo-proshashonit vihara-guli toiri kore jemon Somapura Mahavihara Naogaon-er modhye ebong Vikramashila Bihar-er modhye. Ei prashthan-guli shudhu dhormiyo gyan dey na. Tara bishshor intelektual kendro chilo, Purbo ebong Dakshin Purbo Asya theke chhatro, tirthayatri, ebong pandit-guli aste. Tara boro tantrik Buddhist darsota, Vajrayana ebong Sahajayana, ebong Atisha Dipamkara-er moto mahapandit-guli toiri kore je sidhdhanto Tibet-e gie Tibetan Buddhism porishkar koren.

Ei Buddhist pradhoniyo bhoomi ekta sudden, pratishthaner dike poriborton hoye jay Baro shatabdite Sena Dynasty-r uthe asar sathe. Sena shashok, je guli Dakshin Bharater Deccan theke eshechilo, Puranik Hinduism-er ekta rigid, orthodox ponrashonilo dharmiyo abhijog korlo. Tara Bangali shomaj-take byabosthito kore kothin jaat byabostha enforce kore. Tara Kulinism shuru kore, je system uccho Brahmin ebong Kayastha gotri-ke bishesh rajnoitik, arthik, ebong biye adhikar dey, indigenous manush-guli ke shima-baddho kore.

Ei sudden, upor theke nicher poriborton onkho shrenir manush ebong baki Buddhist shomuho ke alienate kore. Eta delta-jure kothin samajik poriborton toiri kore. Kintu, kothin rajjyo-shoyito Hinduism-er modhyeo, Bangla ekti bhinno dhormiyo abhijuger uthe ashe jemon Tantrik Shakta parampara, Kali ebong Durga-er puja, ebong porbe Gaudiya Vaishnavism, ruling elite-r kormo-r theke Krishna-er upor bhokti-r chay.

7. Islam: Krishi ebong Sangskritik Poriborton

Islam-er pravesh purono vabe Banglar manobor, sangskritik, ebong rajnoitik poth-take porinoto kore. 1204 sale, Turkic senapoti Bakhtiyar Khalji ekta choto sreni sainik niye suddenly abhibhujito akromon kore. Se oboshisto Sena Raja Lakshmana Sena-ke Nabadwip-er rajdhoni-te puro chokh-er samne dhorte pare, Muslim shashan-er din shuru kore. Poroborti choddo shatabdi-te shodhho Bengal Sultanate-er maddhome Delhi court-er sathe somporko shoriye diye, ekta shomriddho, sthaniyo Islamic rajjyo toiri hoy. Sultans Bangali bhashar dhormiyo abhijog kore, Sanskrit mahakabba anubad kore, ebong sthaniyo Hindu elite-guli rajjyo byabostha-r sathe jure, bhashamulluk sangskritik shonakalin yug toiri kore.

Kintu, Islam-er porishchor puro Bangla-jure pradhon vabe ekta derdin krishi poriborton, sudden sainik abhijit na. Gangaridai nodir byabostha anek shatabdi dhore purovab-diye porinoto hoye, Bangladesh-er obosthito ghumonjo, ghoono jolombor ebong mangroho jolombor-er porishkar kholti-er dike. Shahjalal Sylhet-er moto karizmatic Sufi pir-guli, ebong Khan Jahan Ali Bagerhat-er moto, sidhdhanto rajjyo bhoomi-dayo-er sathe direct jungli shima-e pore cholen.

Tara ghumonjo kete fele. Tara boro prachir mosjid toiri kore je samajik prashashon kendro hishebe kaj kore. Tara noyonchosh krishi grameen goshti establish kore. Kothin jaat byabostha sahajjo kore, protibaddho onnadhikar krishak ebong sthaniyo deshojato bhokti-mongolite, Sufi-der soman-mulluk byabostha ekta bhodro poth dey.

Sufi-guli sthaniyo sangskritiker sathe kono bhayonkor bibhed dorkar kore nai. Er boddhe, tara jotil Islamic darsota sthaniyo Bangali lok bhasha ebong sangeet-er sathe anubad kore. Eta ekti bhinno, mishrito Islamic monobritti toiri kore je jekhane Islamic byakkha-guli sthaniyo monobritti theke bujha hoy. Ei boro, anek-shatabdir dhormiyo ebong paribeshik poriborton er fole purbo delta-tar dike ekti boro shomuhik Muslim jolombor toiri hoy.

8. Baki Dhormo-er Patan: Maha Manobor Rupoantor

Ei puro dhormiyo poriborton, rajnoitik khamotar derdin poriborton ebong adhunik rajnoitik bhoy-er sathe milke, purbo delta-jure dhormiyo bhougol-ta alhada kore. Anek prachin dhormiyo shomuho noshto hoye gelo ba purno vabe noshto hoye gelo. Sultanate ebong Mughal era-er sathe, Islamic prashthan-guli-ke poth diye, Buddhist vihara-guli purno vabe muche gelo. Monastery-guli je hajar hajar bhikkhu rakto chhilo tara noshto hoye gelo, tader arthik lifeline shoriye gelo, tader bhoomi krishi-er jonno abritto hoye gelo, ebong tader intelektual elite Nepal, Tibet, ebong Dakshin Purbo Asya-dike palie gelo.

Hindu manobor, je ek somoy puro delta-tar dike boro samajik weight chhilo, steady patan-er dike gelo. Shatabdi dhore protishthanik chap, samajik dhormo poriborton, ebong boro itihasik bipod-er fole ei shomuho kome geche. Rajnoitik rupoantor, bishesh kore 1947 sale British India-r bibhajon, Bangla-projone dhormiyo shima diye bhag kore. Ei rajnoitik birodh, porbe Pakistan era-r systematic opresshoner sathe, boro, anek porjayer probash shuru kore. Lakh-khokhok amuslim poribar puro bangla chere egiye West Bengal ebong Bharater onnanno dike gechilo.

Anek purbo zilla-e, prachin parampara ebong utsob manushder smriti theke noshto hoye gelo. Ei systemik manobor rupoantor indigenous manobor ke ekta prai ekak shomuh-e bindu kore. Bibhinno sub-region ebong adhunik purbo delta-jure, ei dhormiyo minority-der patan er fole adhunik Bangla bhashi manusher modhye 97 theke 98 shatangsho Islamic manobor songkha royeche. Eta samajik, nirbachoni, ebong dinidin obostha-ta purno vabe porinoto kore.

9. Constitution-er Bhranti: Naam Matro Somprodaiyota

Bangla-er poriborton er ekti poraekti kotha ache. Mongol-rationalism, poribartanbad, ebong nostikota purono dino theke dhormiyo prodhanoto-ke challenge kore. Ei intelektual jol-er shuru hocche Carvaka ba Lokayata darsotar shathe. Ei poribartanbad poribartan bad darsata Vedic prodhanoto purno vabe pratyakhare kore. Seta poroborti jibon ba atma-er astitwa noshto kore. Seta dhormiyo kormokolap ke pojari shrenir fokir kotha hishebe chinnit kore. Carvaka darsok-guli bole sidhdhanto protyokkhik gyan-er ekmatro sroto, South Asia-r kendro te empirical chintar bhitti toiri kore.

Ei rationalist jwala ekti lokkhi jonaki hoye jolhe 19 shatabdi-r Bangla-abhijan-er somoy. Hindu College-er jubok intelektual, Anglo-Indian kobi Henry Louis Vivian Derozio-r poribartanbad netritwer sathe, jwali Young Bengal andolan toiri kore. Tara orthodox Hindu nisedh ke sidhdhanto kore, muktichinta grohon kore, ebong sob dhormiyo doktrin ke manushhater rationality-r thanda alo-e dhorte. Vidya-sagar-er moto shikkhar stombh-guli poribortonbad-er saath shashon kore, oborodon-biye-ebong mohila shikkhar jonno lrobe, porbe darsota-r dike nostik bhababosti rokhe. 20 shatabdi te, ei rationalist goti poribortonbad birodhi rajnitik andolan ebong somprodaiyoto rajniti toiri kore je 1971 saler mukti juddhe sidhdhanto kore.

1971 sale Bangladesh-er mul constitution toiri korar somoy, somprotidin sompodaiyotake tin-ti mul bhitti hishebe sthir kore. Kintu eta chhilo naame somprodaiyoto. Eta Pakistan-er byaboharik dhormiyo rajniti-r prati ekta rajnoitik pratikriya chhilo, nostikotar gahan darsotar na. 1988 sale Ershad srenir sashon eighth amendment enforce kore je Constitution-er 2A dharay Islam ke rajjyer dhormo ghoshna kore. Dekhao shatabdi porbe, sashon elite-guli ekti bibhbor, birodhi-mulok gyanik gantha toiri kore. 2011 saler 15t Amendment sompodaiyotake ponrabar mukh sorothe anle kintu Islam ke rajjyer dhormo hishebe rokhe dilo.

Aji-o, Islam rajjyer dhormo. Rajjyo kokhono dhormiyo chara mukti dilo na. Nostikota prochar korar ba dhormiyo gothona bhongar kono rajjyo proshashon chilo na. Dhormiyo sreni theke alhada kora chara, constitution somprodaiyoto toiri kore je sob dhormiyo byabosthake soman odhikar dey rajnoitik obostha-r dike. Niyog, borgo, ebong poribarer byabostha sthir dhormiyo ain-er sathe bonded. Rajjyo kokhono ekta soman, somprodaiyoto civil code toiri kore nai. Ei byabostha-guli sthir rakhe, proshashon noishchoy kore je byakti kokhono gyanik bhabe dhormiyo shreni theke mukti pete pare na. Dhormiyo jabol theke bhodro mukti chilo na.

10. Rationalism ebong Birodh-er Systemic Shoshon

Karon rajjyo kokhono dhormiyo chara bhodro mukti sthir korte parini, sakriyo rationalism ebong bigganer shongshoyer jayga murore geche. 1971 saler juddho nijei ekta boro ideolozhik birodh chhilo. Bharat, ekta somprodaiyoto rajyo je Hindu somuho dhorte, ebong Soviet sangh, ekta nostik Marxist-Leninist rajyo, Bangali rajniti-r sathe mitrata kore Pakistan-ke parajito kore. Pakistan Islamic idiolozhi byabohar kore ekta bhoyonkor sainik abhibhujito kormoshonali justify kore. Ei bipoder somoy, bishwor Islamic duniya ebong OIC prai noshto thaklo. Tara Pakistan-er bhougolik odhikar ke lokkho Musulman-er pran-er theke beshi guruttopurno mone kore.

Porajoyer por, Pakistan poroborti 1971 saler kothin sompodaiyotar dike giyeche. General Zia-ul-Haq-er shashon-e Islam-er poribartanbad doktrin sthiro hoy Saudi Arabia-r madrasa pipeline-er sahajjo te. Aj, Pakistan arthoniti-r upor depend royeche, China-r porishkha jekhane 65 billion dollar CPEC project chole, rajjyo noshto hote debar theke. Er biruddhe, Bangladesh global garment banijjer dike nijer arthoniti engine toiri kore, sikkha ebong mohila shromi obhijukti-er boro unnoyon toiri kore.

Kintu, tar systemik ebong rajnoitik obostha gombhir birodhito royeche. Bharat, ekta bahurangi rajjo toiri korte arthoniti bhitti acheo, rajnoitik shreni prai dhormiyo abhigrahan ke shock absorber hishebe byabohar kore. Nosto lok-kobitwa ba blog-guli dhormiyo doktrin ke bigganer tolosho-er modhye dhorte khushi noy, rajnoitik elite conservative gonder saath chup thakto beshi pasand kore. Kothin ain dhormiyo abhigrahan jolano doshor kore. Rajjyo effectively orthodoxy-r enforcement wing hishebe kaj kore. Ei obostha ekta shromik-goshthi toiri kore je prai proyogik innovation-er dharadhari chokh-r abhabe, Singapur theke porishkar indhan abar arosonno-er moton logistik birodhite stuck.

11. Soman-odhikar-er Bhranti ba Kalponik Chara Swatantrata

Adhunik rationalist-guli bole poth-ta somprodaiyoto chara ekta revolution chara: shudhu somprodaiyoto chara na, ekta Constitution-er dike "Freedom from Fantasy"-er dike. Kintu kono pradhonik alochana ei definition bodlar korte nai. Kono sakriyo rajnoitik abhijog nai je kalponikke soman odhikar dey. Paramparik somprodaiyoto dhormiyo kalponik ke desher sangskritik ebong monoshik bhougol-ke sashon korte dey. 97 theke 98 shatangsho somuho pradhonik jolombor obosthite, eta purno majoritarian pradhoni-er dike noshto hoy.

Islam ke rajjyer dhormo hishebe sthir kore somprodaiyotar token upor sahajjo kora purno vabe khela-ta prakasherito kore. Eta bojhay je constitutional gothona pratisphurdha dhormiyo byabosthar majhe rajnoitik shanti-chodhana khojje, nostikotar na. Shotti "Freedom from Fantasy" byabostha chai je jekhane rajnoitik siddhanton bigganer porikkha-r maan pabe, dhormiyo doktrin purno vabe muche fele. Eta toiri korte shikkha khetrer purno rupoantor lage, dogmatic dhormiyo shikkha guli logic, empirik biggan, ebong bigganer noiti diye poriborton kore.

Bortoman, rajnoitik shreni ei alochana guli puro vabe avoid kore. Tara somaner chayga-er theke ekta shanto, manoniyo shomaj pasand kore. Jot din porjonto sashon dhormiyo abhigrahan ke somaner dike byabohar kore, desh prai unnoyito hobe na, ekta noshto, lukewarm sthan-e stuck.